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PDF SPO256 Data sheet ( Hoja de datos )
| Número de pieza | SPO256 | |
| Descripción | Exclusive Radio Shack Service to the Experimenter | |
| Fabricantes | ETC | |
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Catalog Number 276-1784
ww.DataSheet4U.com heet4U.comRADIO SHACK, A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
w taSU.S.A.: FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102
aCANADA: BARRIE, ONTARIO L4M 4W5
.DTANDY CORPORATION
AUSTRALIA
w91 KURRAJONG ROAD
wwMOUNT DRUITT, N S W 2770
BELGIUM
PARC INDUSTRIEL DE NANINNE
5140 NANINNE
UK
BILSTON ROAD WEDNESBURY
WEST MIDLANDS WS10 7JN
AN EXCLUSIVE RADIO SHACK SERVICE TO THE EXPERIMENTER
SPO256 NARRATORTM SPEECH PROCESSOR
Features
Natural Speech
Stand Alone Operation with Inexpen-
sive Support Components
Wide Operating Voltage
Word, Phrase, or Sentence Library,
ROM Expandable
Expandable to 491 K of ROM Directly
Simple Interface to Most Microcom-
puters or Microprocessors
Supports L.P.C. Synthesis: Formant
Synthesis: Allophone Synthesis
Generel Description
The SPO256 (Speech Processor) is a single
chip N-Channel MOS LSI device that is
able, using its stored program, to synthe-
size speech or complex sounds.
The achievable output is equivalent to a
flat frequency response ranging from 0
to 5 kHz, a dynamic range of 42dB, and
a signal to noise ratio of approximately
35dB.
The SP0256 incorporates four basic
functions:
A software programable digital filter
that can be made to model a VOCAL
TRACT.
A 16K ROM which stores both data
and Instructions (THE PROGRAM).
A MICROCONTROLLER which con-
trols the data flow from the ROM to
the digital filter, the assembly of the
“word strings” necessary for linking
speech elements together, and the
amplitude and pitch information to
excite the digital filter.
A PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR that
creates A digital output which is con-
PIN CONFIGURATION
verted to an analog signal when fil-
tered by an external low pass filter.
Allophone Based Speech Processor
- SPO256-AL2
One example of a preprogramed SPO256
is the AL2 pattern.
Allophone Usage with a
Microprocessor
The SPO256-AL2 requires the use of a
processor to concatenate the speech
sounds to form words.
The SPO256 is controlled using the ad-
dress pins (A1-A8), ALD (Address Load),
and SE (Strobe Enable). The object for
controlling the chip is to load an address
into It which contains the desired allo-
phone. The speech data for the allophone
set is contained within the internal 16K
ROM of the SPO256-AL2.
CUSTOM PACKAGED IN U.S.A. BY RADIO SHACK A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
4 6 4 Printed in USA
1 page  
The second, and equally important, point
to understand, is that the acoustic signal
of a speech sound may differ depending
upon its position within a word. For
example, the initial K sound in coop will
be acoustically different from the K’s in
keep and speak. The K’s in coop and
keep differ due to the influence of the
vowels which follow them, and the final K
in speak is usually not as loud as initial
K’S.
Finally, a listener may identify the same
acoustic signal differently depending on
the context in which it is perceived. Don’t
be surprised, therefore, if an allophone
word sounds slightly different when used
in various phrases.
Phonemes Of English
The sounds of a language are called
phonemes, and each language has a set
which is slightly different from that of
other languages. Table 3 contains a chart
of all the consonant phonemes of English,
Table 4 all the vowel phonemes.
Consonants are produced by creating an
occlusion or constriction in the vocal tract
which produces an aperiodic sound
source. If the vocal cords are vibrating at
the same time, as in the case of the
voiced fricatives VV, DH, ZZ, and ZH,
(See Table 5) there are two sound
sources: one which is aperiodic and one
which is periodic.
Vowels are usually produced with a
relatively open vocal tract and a periodic
sound source provided by the vibrating
vocal cords. They are classified according
to whether the front or back of the tongue
is high or low (See Table 4), whether they
are long or short, and whether the lips are
rounded or unrounded. In English all
rounded vowels are produced in or near
the back of the mouth (UW, UH, OW,
AO, OR, AW). Speech sounds which
have features in common behave in
similar ways. For example, the voiceless
stop consonants PP, TT, and KK (See
Table 3) should be preceded by 50-80
msec of silence, and the voiced stop
consonants BB, DD, and GG by 10-30
msec of silence.
8
Allophones
Phoneme is the name given to a group of
similar sounds in a language. Recall that a
phoneme is acoustically different
depending upon its position within a word.
Each of these positional variants is an
allophone of the same phoneme. An
allophone, therefore, is the manifestation of
a phoneme in true speech signal. It is for
this reason that our inventory of English
speech sounds is called an allophone set.
How To Use The Allophone Set
(See Table 1 for instructions on how to
create all the sample words mentioned in
this section.) The allophone set (Refer to
Table 5) contains two or three versions of
some phonemes. It may be necessary to
use one allophone of a particular phoneme
for word-or-syllable-final position, A
detailed set of guidelines for using the
allophones is given in Table 5. Note that
these are suggestions, not rules.
For example, DD2 sounds good in initial
position and DD1 sounds good in final
position, as in “daughter” and “collide”. One
of the differences between the initial and
final versions of a consonant is that an
initial version may be longer than the final
version. Therefore, to create an initial SS,
you can use two SSs instead of the usual
single SS at the end of a word or syllable,
as in “sister”. Note that this can be done
with TH, and FF, and the inherently short
vowels (to be discussed below), but with no
other consonants. You will want to
experiment with some consonants such as
str, cl) to discover which version works
best in the cluster. For example, KK1
sounds good before LL as in “clown”, and
KK2 sounds good before WW as in
“square”. One allophone of a particular
phoneme may sound better before or after
back vowels and another before or after
front vowels. KK3 sounds good before UH
and KK1 sounds good before IY, as in
“cookie”, Some sounds (PP, BB, TT, DD.
KK, GG, CH, and JH) require a brief
duration of silence before them. For most
of these, the silence has already been
added but you may decide you want to add
more. Therefore there are several pauses
included in the allophone
set varying from 10-200 msec. To create
the final sounds in the words “letter” and
“little” use the allophones ER and EL.
Remember that you must always think
about how a word sounds, not how it is
spelled. For example, the NG sound is
represented by the letter N in “uncle”, And
remember that some sounds may not
even be represented in words by any
letters, as the YY in “computer”.
As mentioned earlier there are some
vowels which can be doubled to make
longer versions for stressed syllables.
These are the inherently short vowels IH,
EH, AE, AX, AA, and UH. For example, in
the word “extent” use one EH in the first
syllable, which is unstressed and two EHs
in the second syllable which is stressed.
Of the inherently long vowels there is one,
UW, which has a long and short version.
Table 1:
NUMBERS:
zero
one, won
two, to, too
three
four, for, fore
five
six
seven
eight, ate
nine
ten
eleven
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
ZZ YR OW
WW SX AX NN1
TT2 UW2
TH RR1 IY
FF FF OR
FF FF AY VV
SS SS IH IH PA3
KK2 SS
SS SS EH EH VV IH
NN1
EY PA3 TT2
NN1 A A A Y NN1
TT2 EH EH NN1
IH LL EH EH VV
IH NN1
TT2 WH EH EH LL
VV
TH ER1 PA2 PA3
TT2 IY NN1
FF OR PA2 PA3
TT2 IY NN1
FF IH FF PA2 PA3
TT2 IY NN1
SS SS IH PA3 KK2
SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IY
NN1
The short one, UW1, sounds good after
YY in computer. The long version, UW2,
sounds good in mono-syllabic words like
“two”. Included in the vowel set is a group
called R-colored vowels. These are vowel
+ R combinations. For example, the AR in
“alarm” and the OR in “score”. Of the R-
colored vowels there is one, ER, which
has a long and short version. The short
version is good for polysyllabic words with
final ER sounds like “letter”, and the long
version is good for monosyllabic words
like “fir”. One final suggestion is that you
may want to add a pause of 30-50 msec
between words, when creating sen-
tences, and a pause of 100-200 msec
between clauses.
Note: Every utterance must be followed by
a pause in order to make the chip stop
talking the last allophone.
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
hundred
thousand
million
SS SS EH VV TH
NN1 PA2 PA3 TT2
IY NN1
EY PA2 PA3 TT2
IY NN1
NN1 AY NN1 PA2
PA3 TT2 IY NN1
TT2 WH EH EH
NN1 PA2 PA3 TT2 IY
TH ER2 PA2 PA3
TT2 IY
FF OR PA3 TT2 IY
FF FF IH FF FF
PA2 PA3 TT2 IY
SS SS IH PA3 KK2
SS PA2 PA3 TT2 IY
SS SS EH VV IH
NN1 PA2 PA3 TT2 IY
EY PA3 TT2 IY
NN1 AY NN1 PA3
TT2 IY
HH2 AX AX NN1
PA2 DD2 RR2 IH
IH PA1 DD1
TH AA AW ZZ TH
PA1 PA1 NN1 DD1
MM IH IH LL YY1
AX NN1
9
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